diff --git a/README.md b/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index b3be1a4..0000000 --- a/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2 +0,0 @@ -# HomeMyco - diff --git a/README.mdown b/README.mdown new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d85acc --- /dev/null +++ b/README.mdown @@ -0,0 +1,500 @@ +# HomeMyco + +A [homebrewer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebrewing)'s take on practical home cultivation of [mycelium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium) and their [mushrooms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom). + +# Always a Risk of Contamination + +Contamination occurs when another microorganism takes advantage of the gratuity you provide for your mycelium. +There is always a risk of bacterial and mold contamination when it comes to mycelium. + +While many guides do everything they can to reduce this risk, my approach is to make the methods quick, cheap, and simple. +Contaminated spawn is easily discarded and replaced. + +# Do It Thrice + +As a result of the above hubris we triple our efforts. + +- When making [colonization jars](#grain-spawn) make at least two for each sample we wish to [colonize](#colonizing). + +- When making [agar slants](#agar-slants) or [liquid cultures](#liquid-cultures) make at least two for each sample. + +- Make and save at least one of the above as a control for testing your sanitation. + +It is OK. +Seed spawn, agar, and sugar water are inexpensive. + +Saving a control spawn medium, both [grain spawns](#grain-spawn) and [culture mediums](#culture-mediums), will help you test for contamination introduced through your technique. +If all fares well you can always end up using it. + +# Finding Samples + +- [ ] mycelium sample + +At the beginning of each section is a checklist of what to buy. +At the end of the document there will be a combined checklist. + +Newbies should start with store bought mushrooms. +This will allow you to walk through the methods without fear of wasting a sample. +Getting other samples should not be difficult but it is quite frustrating to discover all if the sanitary steps were made in vain when a contaminated sample was the source. +Of course, there is always the risk of a contaminated store bought sample. + +Online shopping can get you all sorts of sample types ranging from spawn grains and liquid culture to spores and dried mushrooms. +When paying good money for a sample try to find liquid culture as they have a pretty good colonization rate. + +Eventually you will want to make your own cultures from the spores of your harvested mushrooms. + +# Sanitize Your Workspace + +- [ ] empty spray bottles, chemical resistant +- [ ] star san, sanitizer + +Prior to working with a mycelium sample or spawn medium you should clean your work area. +All surfaces and tools should be wiped clean then sprayed with a sanitizing solution at least 2 minute prior to working. + +Purchase a spray bottle [resistant to chemical reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_resistance) for this purpose. +These can be found at most hardware stores. +While you are at it you should buy a second spray bottle for misting water. + +If you are working near your living space a food safe sanitizer like [Star San](https://fivestarchemicals.com/star-san-sanitizer-4-oz) avoids stinking up the place or contaminating food. +It is very concentrate so just a couple drops into a spray bottle full of water be enough. +You will know if the solution is diluted enough when it sprays easily and creates small bubbles on the sprayed surface. + +It is important to note that sanitization is not sterile. +Star San does not kill all bacteria or mold. +There is always a risk of contamination. + +Your face, hands, and tools are the major source of contamination. +Tools can be sanitized in a pressure cooker or [autoclave](#autoclave) which is discussed later. +Your face, hand, and the other hand are a little more difficult to contain. + +While gloves and a face mask are often recommended I find they make me more clumsy to the point of negating any benefit they might provide. +Face masks just do not work unless they provide respiration filtering. +Gloves only work if they begin sterile and remain sterile. + +Scrub your hands with warm water and soap to remove anything that might fall off into the spawn medium. +Avoid touching your spawn medium and the part of your tools that interact with the spawn medium. + +Wash and dry your face with warm water and soap to remove anything that might fall off into the spawn medium. +Combing your hair and wearing a hat helps to reduce the amount of lose hair that might fall into the spawn medium. +Slow or hold your breath when inoculating spawn medium to avoid shaking. + +Remember that mistakes happen and the look pretty cool when they do. + +# Three Stages + +There are three general stages to cultivating mycelium. + +1. [Culturing](#culturing), [wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture) + + - Using simple sugar and agar as a surface to proof sample mycelium for viability and contamination. + +2. [Colonization](#colonization), [wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)#Microbial_colonies) + + - Using grain as food source to promote mycelium growth throughout. + +3. [Fruiting](#fruiting), [wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)) + + - Apply the ideal conditions to fully colonized grain spawn to promote the growth of mushrooms. + +# Culturing + +Any sample of mycelium is potentially contaminated. +Aside from using a microscope and checking the entire sample, using a small culture will allow you to grow a test patch of your sample without risking a whole jar of [grain spawn](#grain-spawn). + +The two [culture mediums](#culture-mediums) preferred are [agar slants](#agar-slants) and [liquid cultures](#liquid-cultures) together. + +While petri dishes are part of the usual trappings of cultivating the growth of microorganisms they are fairly high maintenance and better suited for a laboratory environment. +Agar slants provide the same functionality without the need to seal and re-seal with parafilm. + +[Liquid cultures](#liquid-cultures) provide a similar micro climate as [agar slants](#agar-slants) with the added benefit of being a much easier for inoculating [grain spawn](#grain-spawn). +The disadvantage of liquid culture is being unable to isolate mycelium from contaminations. + +You should use [agar slants](#agar-slants) to isolate mycelium from contamination then sample the mycelium from the agar to liquid culture. + +# Culture Mediums + +- [ ] food scale, grams +- [ ] 16 oz wide mouth mason jars with lids +- [ ] distilled water +- [ ] 50 to 100 ml syringe with hollow needle, [autoclavable](#autoclave) +- [ ] 30 to 50 ml test tube with screw cap, [autoclavable](#autoclave) +- [ ] electric pressure cooker, stove top, or [autoclave](#autoclave) + +## Agar Slants + +- [ ] malt extract agar + +Agar agar is a plant gelatin used to provide a physical surface that mycelium can colonize. +This is mixed with a simple sugar like malt extract to provide mycelium calories for reproduction. +Malt Extract Agar (MEA) is available in a premix fairly cheap online. +Mixing 2:3 grams ratio simple sugar to Agar powder is good for saving money in bulk. + +Scale the following recipe as needed to fill 1/3 of each test tube or 10 ml: + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + +1. Fill a 16 oz mason jar with 100 ml water on a food scale. + + - Grams is the same as milliliters of water at [STP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure). + +2. Microwave with a safe cover for 1 minute or until 50 celsius or higher without boiling. + +3. Add 5 grams of MEA to warm water and stir for 1 minute with a sanitary utensil. + +4. While the MEA solution is still warm, fill a sanitary syringe with the solution. + +5. Fill a sanitary test tube one third (1/3) capacity and replace the screw cap. + +6. Place test tubes in an empty mason jar and [autoclave](#autoclave) for 1 hour. + +7. Carefully remove each test tube and place on a flat surface with the screw cap slightly elevated on a dish towel. + + - Once cooled the agar should solidify into a slanted surface for inoculation. + +8. Store in a dark cool place until inoculation. + Do not freeze. + +## Liquid Cultures + +- [ ] light corn syrup + +Mixing liquid culture is similar to [agar slants](#agar-slants) without needing to cool in any particular position. +A simple sugar like light corn syrup is dissolved in distilled water to provide mycelium calories for reproduction. + +Scale the following recipe as needed to fill 2/3 of each test tube or 20 ml: + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + +1. Fill a 16 oz mason jar with 100 ml water on a food scale. + + - Grams is the same as milliliters of water at [STP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure). + +2. Microwave with a safe cover for 1 minute or until 50 celsius or higher without boiling. + +3. Add 5 grams of light corn syrup to warm water and stir for 1 minute with a sanitary utensil. + +4. Fill a sanitary syringe with the solution. + +5. Fill a sanitary test tube one third (2/3) capacity and replace the screw cap. + +6. Place test tubes in an empty mason jar and [autoclave](#autoclave) for 1 hour. + +7. Store in a dark cool place until inoculation. + +8. Once inoculated, shake the test tubes daily to oxygenate the water and break up the mycelium. + +## Autoclave + +[Autoclave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave) is a generic term for a pressurized steam chamber for sanitization and sterilization. + +**All autoclave duration measurements use electric pressure cookers for convenience.** + +If you have a stove top pressure cooker or industrial autoclave that provide a continuous 100 kPa (15 psi), reduce the time by 1/3. + +Autoclavable tools are safe to bring to 250 celsius for extended durations without damage. + +Use the following durations as they make sense to sanitize and pasteurize. + +- 2 hours + + - Spawn grain should be autoclave for 2 hours prior to inoculation. + Bulk grains are particularly susceptible to contamination during the commercial farming process. + +- 1 hour + + - Cultures do not need to autoclave for as long as spawn grain since there is less volume that needs to get to temperature. + + - Add your autoclavable tools if there is space. + If you do not plan to use them soon after autoclave, soak in Star San solution and store covered. + +- 10 minutes + + - Quickly bring test tubes and tools to temperature for cleaning out old agar or liquid culture. + +0. Add the steam rack to the inner pot of the electric pressure cooker. + +1. Add 200 ml of water. + +2. Insert items to be autoclave. + +3. Press Steam option and set the appropriate time. + +4. Turn vent valve to close. + +5. Quick release once time has completed if needed, working with agar warm is easier. + +# Culture Inoculation + +Once you autoclave your [culture mediums](#culture-mediums) and they have cooled to room temperature it is ready for mycelium. + +Depending on the source of the sample there are two ways to inoculate, [cloning](#cloning) from a mushroom or using [spore samples](spore-samples). +Newbies should start with store bought mushrooms. +This will allow you to walk through the methods without fear of wasting a spore sample. + +## Cloning + +- [ ] paring knife or scalpel + +Taking a mycelium samples from the stem of a mushroom is called cloning. + +The collection of a sample for cloning is relatively trivial using a syringe with a hollow needle. + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + + - Sanitize the outside of each [culture medium](#culture-mediums). + +1. With a sanitary knife, cut the stem off the mushroom then half down the length. + +2. Using the hollow needle tip of the syringe, plunge along the length of the stem collecting a sample of the core of the stem. + +3. Gently use air pressure from the syringe will push the sample into an open [culture medium](#culture-mediums). + +4. Replace the screw cap on the [culture medium](#culture-mediums) and store in ambient room light at room temperature. + +## Spore Samples + +- [ ] inoculation loop + +- [ ] flame or lighter + +[Spore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus#Spore_dispersal) samples are created by placing a mushroom cap on a flat surface and collecting the spores that are released. +These are called spore prints. + +Spores can further be added to a syringe of sterile water for ease in shipping. + +In either case, an inoculation loop is used to apply the spore samples to a [culture medium](#culture-mediums). + +### Spore Print + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + + - Sanitize the outside of each [culture medium](#culture-mediums). + +1. Using a lighter, heat the loop element of your inoculation loop until it glows red. Allow the loop to cool. + +2. Scraped spores off a print delivery medium with a sterile sharp. + +3. Collect spores on the loop. + +4. Insert loop into an open [culture medium](#culture-mediums) and gently apply spores. + +5. Replace the screw cap on the [culture medium](#culture-mediums) and store in ambient room light at room temperature. + +### Spore Syringe + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + + - Sanitize the outside of each [culture medium](#culture-mediums). + +1. Using a lighter, heat the loop element of your inoculation loop until it glows red. Allow the loop to cool. + +2. Place a single drop of water from a spore syringe on the loop. + +3. Insert loop into an open [culture medium](#culture-mediums) and gently apply spores. + +4. Replace the screw cap on the [culture medium](#culture-mediums) and store in ambient room light at room temperature. + +## Wood Plugs + +- [ ] tweezers + +Mycelium samples are often sold as colonized grain or wood plugs. +Usually these can be used to inoculate [grain spawn](#grain-spawn) directly but we can also make cultures to store these samples long-term. + +With sanitary tweezers place a sample in an [agar slant](#agar-slants), [liquid culture](#liquid-cultures), or grain spawn. + +# Reading an Agar Slant + +[Agar slants](#agar-slants) should show growth within the first week and should be monitored for contamination weekly. + +Mycelium are snowy white with grey and blue tints as normal. + +Any other colors and you are dealing with contamination. +Contamination is not the end of the world. +Mycelium can be isolated from a contaminated sample. + +If enough mycelium growth has occurred that a sample can be collected without touching the contamination then it can be transferred to a fresh [culture medium](#culture-mediums). + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + + - Sanitize the outside of each [culture medium](#culture-mediums). + +1. Using a lighter, heat the loop element of your inoculation loop until it glows red. Allow the loop to cool. + +2. Gently scrape some of the mycelium onto the loop. + +3. Insert loop into an open [culture medium](#culture-mediums) and gently apply spores. + +4. Replace the screw cap on the [culture medium](#culture-mediums) and store in ambient room light at room temperature. + +# Colonization + +Once the mycelium has been successfully isolated and grown in a liquid culture the mycelium wants something a bit more nutritious than sugar water. +Most species have special requirements that encourage the growth of mushrooms. +Wood-loving species like oyster and shiitake thrive in a mixture of wood chips. +This guide does not address these special requirements. +I leave it up to you to research your mycelium species. + +[Grain spawn](#grain-spawn) is a common source of nutrients and the most accessible source of grain spawn is wild bird seed. + +# Grain Spawn + +- [ ] 16 oz wide mouth mason jars with lids +- [ ] wild bird seed with millet +- [ ] colander +- [ ] ladle +- [ ] boiling pot +- [ ] aluminum foil +- [ ] electric pressure cooker, stove top, or [autoclave](#autoclave) + +Wild bird seed is rather dusty and full of bacteria and molds. +Because the seeds are dry the bacteria has likely [endosporulated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore) making it resistant to heat. +Soaking and boiling the bird seed will clean it up a bit and encourage the endospores to reproduce, leaving them weaker to autoclave. + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + +1. Fill 16 oz wide mouth mason jars with 1 cup of bird seed per final jar of grain spawn. + +2. Cover bird seed with tap water, lid jar, and soak for 12 to 24 hours. + +3. Strain the bird seed with a colander and rinse with water. + + - Pick out any unwanted bits like twigs or mush. + +4. Bring a pot of water to a rolling boil. + +5. With a ladle, carefully add one scoop at a time to the boiling water. + +6. Once all the bird seed is added let the water return to a boil. + +7. Strain again with a colander for 1 hour to dry, stirring occasionally. + +8. Split evenly to each 16 oz wide mouth mason jar, about 1 cup. + +9. Cover un-lid jars with aluminum foil and [autoclave](#autoclave) for 2 hours. + +10. Carefully screw lid over the foil and jar and allow to cool to room temperature. + +11. Store in a dark cool place until inoculation. + +# Spawn Inoculation + +- [ ] 50 to 100 ml syringe with hollow needle, [autoclavable](#autoclave) + +0. [Sanitize Your Workspace](#sanitize-your-workspace). + + - Sanitize the outside of each jar of [grain spawn](#grain-spawn) and [liquid culture](#liquid-cultures). + +1. With a sanitary syringe extract 1 ml of [liquid culture](#liquid-cultures) and replace the screw top. + +2. Inject the liquid culture into the jar of [grain spawn](#grain-spawn) by piercing the aluminum foil straight down along the side of the jar. + +3. Replace the mason jar lid by flipping it so the seal is facing up and lightly screwing on the rim. + +4. Store in ambient room light at room temperature. + +# Reading a Spawn Jar + +Similar to [Reading an Agar Slant](#reading-an-agar-slant), [grain spawn](#grain-spawn) should show growth within the first week and should be monitored for contamination weekly until it is fully colonized, 2-3 weeks. + +Mycelium are snowy white with grey and blue tints as normal. + +Any other colors and you are dealing with contamination. +Minor contamination is not the end of the world, many colonies can recover. + +If the jar is fully colonized following a contamination and doesn't smell like rotten apples it can still produce mushrooms. + +# Fruiting + +If you've ever been walking in the woods after a light rain you've probably seen mushrooms peaking up. +This is because mycelium sense that water is evaporating and wish to take advantage of the updraft to spread their spores. + +In our fruiting containers we want to mimic that as much as possible with a spray bottle and a light breeze. + +This can be accomplished with an open and fully colonized [grain spawn](#grain-spawn) jar and a daily spray bottle misting. + +However, if there is more surface area for the mushroom pins to sprout from there is a higher chance of successful fruiting. + +# Fruiting Chamber + +- [ ] medium plastic tubs with lids +- [ ] coconut coir +- [ ] personal fan + +Coconut husk (coir) as casing layer and flooring in our fruiting chamber to hold moisture better than the mycelium cake we created in the [grain spawn](#grain-spawn) jar. + +0. Invert an open and fully colonized [grain spawn](#grain-spawn) jar and firmly but gently tap cake out. + + - If the cake breaks up that is OK, place the pieces back together if possible. + +1. Soak the mycelium cake in water for 12 to 24 hours. + +2. Soak coconut coir brick following the packaging for the amount of water, about 15 minutes. + +3. Gently roll the mycelium cake in the hydrated coconut coir to form a light casing. + +4. Layer the bottom of the tub with an inch or more of coconut coir. + +5. Place the mycelium cake on the layer of coconut coir away from the sides. + +## Daily + +The goal is to maintain a 90% humidity within the fruiting chamber. + +0. With a water spray bottle gently mist the coconut coir and mycelium cake until the coir is moist but not soaked. + +1. Place the medium plastic tub lid upside down, slightly ajar, and rest for 1 hour. + +2. Point a personal fan nearby to blow towards the ceiling above the tub for 1 hour. + +3. Replace the lid upside down and slightly ajar. + +4. Harvest mushrooms before they dump their spores. + +# Checklist + +- [ ] mycelium sample + +- [ ] empty spray bottles, chemical resistant + +- [ ] star san, sanitizer + +- [ ] food scale, grams + +- [ ] 16 oz wide mouth mason jars with lids + +- [ ] distilled water + +- [ ] 50 to 100 ml syringe with hollow needle, [autoclavable](#autoclave) + +- [ ] 30 to 50 ml test tube with screw cap, [autoclavable](#autoclave) + +- [ ] electric pressure cooker, stove top, or [autoclave](#autoclave) + +- [ ] malt extract agar + +- [ ] light corn syrup + +- [ ] paring knife or scalpel + +- [ ] inoculation loop + +- [ ] flame or lighter + +- [ ] tweezers + +- [ ] wild bird seed with millet + +- [ ] colander + +- [ ] ladle + +- [ ] boiling pot + +- [ ] aluminum foil + +- [ ] medium plastic tubs with lids + +- [ ] coconut coir + +- [ ] personal fan